Abstract
This article develops a constructivist–realist framework to analyse how challengers operate under regime uncertainty in electoral autocracies, using contemporary Hungary as a crucial case. Building on theories of democratic resilience, opposition strategies, and political polarisation, it introduces a nuanced conceptual framework for classifying democratic and polarisation counterstrategies, focusing on how opposition actors interpret their environment and adjust their tactics. The approach advances a typology of opposition strategies ranging from conventional institutional adaptation to disruptive extra-institutional rupture, showing how democratising movements often combine modalities across electoral, civic, and symbolic arenas. Empirically, the study contrasts the established opposition in Hungarian politics, which relied on incoherent mixes of parliamentary protest, ad hoc extraordinary gestures, and strategies of reciprocal polarisation or passive depolarisation, with the new trajectory opened by Péter Magyar and his TISZA Party. TISZA’s rise in 2024 marked a rupture: through norm-breaking institutional challenge, grassroots mobilisation, and transformative repolarisation, it built a cross-cutting coalition that disrupted the regime’s stability. Yet this breakthrough provoked fierce backlash, as the government escalated “traitor” discourse and signaled readiness to foreclose competition. The Hungarian case demonstrates both the potential and fragility of a norm-breaking challenger’s transformative repolarisation in hybrid regimes, offering broader insights into the prospects and limits of democratic resilience under authoritarian pressure.
Keywords
Péter Magyar, TISZA party, Orbán regime, Opposition strategies, Political polarisation, Transformative repolarisation